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The Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 was an Act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom (39 & 40 Vict., Public Acts, c. 77.) which set limits on the practice of, and instituted a licensing system for animal experimentation, amending the Cruelty to Animals Act 1849. Its long title was An Act to amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals (15 August 1876). The Act was replaced 110 years later by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
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The House of Lords, in addition to having a legislative function, has a judicial function as a court of last resort within the United Kingdom. Historically, the House of Lords also functioned as a court of first instance for the trials of peers and for impeachment cases. Today, the House's jurisdiction is essentially limited to the hearing of appeals from the lower courts. Appeals are technically not to the House of Lords, but rather to the Queen-in-Parliament. By constitutional convention only those lords who are legally qualified (Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, or Law Lords) hear the appeals, since World War II usually in what is known as the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords An opinion of Appellate Committee ([2004 UKHL 56)] © Parliamentary copyrightby Shami Chakrabarti There is no halfway house on human rights in The Times February 1, 2005 (also called the House of Lords Judicial Committee)Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Home Office web-site rather than in the chamber of the House. In accordance with the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the judicial functions are set to be transferred to a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in 2009.
The Cruelty to Animals Act 1849 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (12 & 13 Vict. c. 92) with the long title An Act for the more effectual Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The Act repealed two previous Acts, the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 and the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, and reiterated the offences of beating, ill-treating, over-driving, abusing and torturing animals with a maximum penalty of £5 and compensation of up to £10. The Act was amended and expanded by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876.
This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1860-1879. For acts passed prior to 1707 see List of Acts of Parliament of the English Parliament and List of Acts of Parliament of the Scottish Parliament.
For Acts of the Scottish Parliament passed since the establishment of the modern version in 1999 also see the list of Acts of Parliament of the Scottish Parliament. For Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly see List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly and for Acts of the Northern Ireland Parliament see List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Parliament.
The numbers after the titles of the acts are the chapter numbers. Acts before 1962 are referenced using 'Year of reign', 'Monarch', c., 'Chapter number' — e.g. 16 Charles II c. 2 — to define a chapter of the appropriate statute book. Since 1962, the regnal year has been replaced by the calendar year. All recent Acts have a short title, or citation (e.g. Local Government Act 2003, National Health Service Act 1974).
The Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c.59) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created the judicial functions of the House of Lords in its modern form. The provisions of the act will be eventually superseded when the Law Lords are removed from Parliament under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.
==Elected by the Whole House== The following peers were elected to serve as Deputy Speakers of the House of Lords. They were elected by the whole House (i.e. all Peers who had taken the oath of allegiance) under House of Lords Standing Order 9. All by-elections to vacancies in these groups will be filled by an election amongst all sitting members of the House of Lords (including life peers), but not hereditary peers outside the House.
The House of Lords Act 1999 (1999 c. 34) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was given Royal Assent on 11 November 1999.<ref name="Royalassent1"/> It was a major constitutional enactment that reformed greatly one of the chambers of Parliament, the House of Lords. For centuries, the House of Lords had included several hundred members who inherited their seats; the Act removed such a right. However, as part of a compromise, the Act did permit ninety-two hereditaries to remain in the House on an interim basis. The Act decreased the membership of the House from 1,330 (October 1999) to 669 (March 2000). As another result of the Act, the majority of the Lords were now life peers, whose numbers had been gradually increasing since the Life Peerages Act 1958.<ref name="background_statistics"></ref>
This is a list of trials of peers in the House of Lords. Until 1948, peers of the United Kingdom and its predecessor states had the right to trial by peers.
The Privilege of Peerage is the body of special privileges belonging to members of the British Peerage, and is distinct from Parliamentary privilege, which applies to only those peers serving in the House of Lords and the members of the House of Commons, while Parliament is in session and forty days before and after a Parliamentary session.<ref name="so"></ref>
The Privilege of Peerage extends to all temporal peers and peeresses regardless of their position in relation to the House of Lords. The right to sit in the House is separate to the privilege, and is only held by some peers (see History of Lords Reform). Scottish peers from the Acts of Union 1707 and Irish peers from the Act of Union 1800, therefore, have the Privilege of Peerage. From 1800, Irish peers have had the right to stand for election to the United Kingdom House of Commons but they lose the privilege of peerage for the duration of their service in the lower House. Since 1999, hereditary peers of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, who are not members of the House of Lords, may stand for election to the House of Commons. Their privilege of peerage is not explicitly lost by service in the lower House. Any peer issuing a disclaimer under the provisions of the Peerage Act 1963 loses all privileges of peerage.<ref name="so"/> The Privilege of Peerage also extends to wives and widows of peers. A peeress by marriage loses the privilege upon marrying a commoner,<ref name="so"/> but a peeress suo jure does not. Individuals who hold courtesy titles, however, do not have such privileges by virtue of those titles. Lords Spiritual (the 26 Archbishops and Bishops who sit in the House of Lords) do not have the Privilege of Peerage as, at least since 1621, they have been Lords of Parliament, and not peers.
The privileges have been lost and eroded over time. Only three survived into the 20th century: the right to be tried by other peers of the realm instead of juries of commoners, freedom from arrest in civil (but not criminal) cases, and access to the Sovereign to advise him or her on matters of state.<ref name="so"/> The right to be tried by other peers was abolished in 1948. Legal opinion considers the right of freedom from arrest as obsolete. The remaining privilege was recommended for formal abolition in 1999, and may be retained, arguably, by peers whether members of the House of Lords or not.Noel Cox, Professor of Law at Auckland University of Technology, quoted in ''Journal of the Hereditary Peerage Association. No. 5'' 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.
Peers also have several other rights that do not formally comprise the Privilege of Peerage. For example, they are entitled to use coronets and supporters on their achievements of arms.
As of 11 January 2007, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary appointed under section 6 of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 are, in order of seniority:
#The Rt Hon. The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, PC (Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary) #The Rt Hon. The Lord Hoffmann, PC (Second Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary) #The Rt Hon. The Lord Hope of Craighead, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Saville of Newdigate, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Scott of Foscote, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Rodger of Earlsferry, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe, PC #The Rt Hon. The Baroness Hale of Richmond, DBE, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Carswell, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Mance, PC #The Rt Hon. The Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, PC
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As of 23 July 2008, the other Lords of Appeal who are, by virtue of sections 5 & 25 of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876, eligible to form the quorum (3) of the House of Lords necessary to hear and determine judicial business are:
# The Rt Hon. The Baroness Butler-Sloss # The Rt Hon. The Baroness Clark of Calton # The Rt Hon. The Lord Cullen of Whitekirk # The Rt Hon. The Lord Falconer of Thoroton # The Rt Hon. The Lord Hardie # The Rt Hon. The Lord Irvine of Lairg # The Rt Hon. The Lord Mackay of Drumadoon # The Rt Hon. The Lord Judge (Lord Chief Justice of England & Wales)
:See also: Judicial functions of the House of Lords
The Royal Titles Act of 1876 (39 & 40 Vict., c. 10) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which officially recognized Queen Victoria as "Empress of India". This title had been assumed by her in 1876, under the encouragement of the Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. History of the Monarchy, Victoria
The long title of the Act is "An Act to enable Her most Gracious Majesty to make an addition to the Royal Style and Titles appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies."
The following is a list of Lord Speakers of the House of Lords.
For previous presiding officers of the House of Lords, when the role was automatically the Lord Chancellor's, see List of Lord Chancellors and Lord Keepers.
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The Lord Speaker is the speaker of the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The office is analogous to the Speaker of the House of Commons: the Lord Speaker is "appointed" by the members of the House of Lords and is expected to be politically impartial. It was announced on 4 July 2006 that Baroness Hayman had won the first election for the position.
Until July 2006, the role of presiding officer in the House of Lords was undertaken by the Lord Chancellor. Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the position of the Speaker of the House of Lords (as it is termed in the Act) became a separate office, allowing the position to be held by someone other than the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor continued to act as speaker of the House of Lords in an interim period after the Act was passed, while the House of Lords considered new arrangements about their speakership.
The separation of the Lord Chancellor's various roles is in line with Labour's manifesto commitments to reform the House of Lords. This changing role is also designed to avoid challenges under the Human Rights Act, which might arise from his roles as head of the judiciary and also a Cabinet Minister.
Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, or Law Lords, are appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 to the House of Lords of the United Kingdom in order to exercise its judicial functions, which include acting as the highest court of appeal for most domestic matters. The House of Lords will, however, lose its judicial functions upon the establishment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in October 2009. Existing Lords of Appeal in Ordinary will lose their right to speak and vote in the House of Lords until their retirement as Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, and new appointments as Lords of Appeal in Ordinary will become unnecessary and cease.
:This article is about the secular members of the British House of Lords. For the fictional lords of time, see Time Lords. In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Lords Temporal are secular members of the House of Lords. The term is used to differentiate lords—who are either life peers or hereditary peers, although the hereditary rights to the House of Lords was abolished in 1999—from the Lords Spiritual, who sit in the House as bishops in the Church of England.
Before the recent reform of the House of Lords, all peers were (potentially) members of the House of Lords, and all were Lords Temporal in this sense. The ongoing reforms limit membership in the Lords to life peers and a number of elected hereditary peers.
The Clergy Act 1640 (also known as the Bishops Exclusion Act or the Clerical Disabilities Act) (16 Car. I, c.27) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of England passed in 16421641 in the old style date, 1642 in the new style date by the Long Parliament.
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This is a list of people who have addressed both Houses of the United Kingdom Parliament at the same time. French President Albert Lebrun was the first person to address both the House of Commons and the House of Lords in March 1939. The list excludes the speeches given by the reigning British Monarch at the State Opening of Parliament.
Only two people besides the reigning British Monarch at the time have addressed both Houses together on more than one occasion. Nelson Mandela spoke to Members of the Commons and the Lords in 1993 and in 1996 as President of South Africa. Mikhail Gorbachev addressed the Houses as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1984 and again, in 1993, on behalf of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
, Nicolas Sarkozy, the President of France, was the most recent person to present to both Houses at once.
Since 1997 the United Kingdom government has been engaged in reforming the House of Lords. The history of reform before 1997, is set out in sections below about reforms of composition and powers carried out in the past and of unsuccessful proposals and attempts at reform in the twentieth century.
A senator for life is a member of the senate or equivalent upper chamber of a legislature who has life tenure.
Elected or appointed for lifetime. , a few members of the Italian Senate are lifetime senators. Several South American countries once granted lifetime membership to former presidents but have since abolished that practice.
The peers sitting in the House of Lords, the upper chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, have life tenure.
The Wakeham Report, published in 2000, was the report of a Royal Commission headed by Lord Wakeham, concerning reform of the United Kingdom's House of Lords. (See also Lords Reform.) __NOTOC__
The House of Lords Appointments Commission is a non-partisan, non-statutory, independent body in the United Kingdom. It has three roles:
*to recommend people for appointment as non-party-political life peers; *to vet all nominations for membership of the House of Lords, including those nominated by the UK political parties, to ensure the highest standards of propriety; *to scrutinise certain candidates added to the Honours Lists, such as those nominated for political services as well as anyone added at a late stage.
The Commission was established in May 2000 to assist the transitional arrangements for reform of the House of Lords. The role of the Prime Minister in making non-partisan recommendations to The Queen for creation of life peerages was transferred to the Commission, in order to ensure greater transparency in the process. It was also given oversight of all other appointments to the Lords, including partisan nominations.