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[Community:
National Party (Uruguay); Msida; Null cipher]
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The Rwanda Defence Force (RDF, in French Forces Rwandaises de Défense) is the national army of Rwanda. Largely composed of former Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) fighters, it comprises (a) The High Command Council of the Rwanda Defence Forces; (b) the General Staff of the Rwanda Defence Forces; (c) the Rwanda Land Force; (d) the Rwanda Air Force; and (e) specialised units.Rwandan Ministry of Defence, Law Establishing Rwanda Defence Forces, LAW N° 19/2002 of 17/05/2002 (J.O. n° 13 of 01/07/2002 In November 2002 Emmanuel Habyarimana was removed from his post as Minister of Defence, which government spokesperson Joseph Bideri attributed to his "extreme pro-Hutu" views. <ref name=bbc20030401a></ref> Habyarimana was replaced by Marcel Gatsinzi.
After the successful conquest of the country in 1994 in the aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide, the Rwandan Patriotic Front decided to split the RPF into a political division (which retained the RPF name) and a military division, which was to serve as the official army of the Rwandan state in two distinct and independent institutions.
Many soldiers from the former Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), the national army under the previous regime (see next section), have been incorporated into the RDF since 1994.
Defense spending continues to represent an important share of the national budget, largely due to continuing security problems along the frontiers with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi, and lingering concerns about Uganda's intentions towards its former ally. The government has launched an ambitious plan to demobilize thousands of soldiers.
The Cyangungu Military Camp has been reported to house the 31st Brigade of the 4th Division of the Rwandan Defence Forces.Honoré Ngbanda Nzambo From July 1994 until December 1997 the RPA had six brigades, as designated in the Arusha Accords: 402nd in Kigali and Kigali Rurale Prefecture; 201st in Kibungo, Umatura, and Byumba Prefectures; 301st in Butare, Gikongoro, and Cyangugu Prefectures; 305th in Gitatama and Kibuye Prefectures; and 211th in Gisenyi and Ruhengeri Prefectures. The brigade boundaries mirrored the political administrative boundaries, which often complicated military operations.Rick Orth (former United States Army attache in Rwanda), Rwanda's Hutu Extremist genocidal Insurgency: An Eyewitness Perspective, Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 12, Number 1, Spring 2001, pp. 76-109 (34), note 67, page 108 During the First Congo War the brigade headquarters remained inside Rwanda but directed operations inside the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Orth, 2001, note 67, page 108
Four serving army officers of the Rwanda Defence Forces (RDF) were indicted in June 2008 for crimes committed during the 1994 genocide.http://politics.nationmedia.com/inner.asp?sid=1981
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Marcel Gatsinzi is a Rwandan soldier and politician, and Rwanda's current Minister of Defence.
An ethnic Hutu from Butare, Gatsinzi is a former member of the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), which was the national army prior to the conquest of Rwanda by the RPF following the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. At the time of the disbanding of FAR his rank was Colonel.
During the genocide, from April 7 to April 17 1994 he served as Chief of Staff of FAR. <ref name=adb></ref>
Gatsinzi was appointed Minister of Defence on 15 November 2002, following the removal of Emmanuel Habyarimana. He currently holds the rank of Major-General in the Rwandan Defence Forces.
On 17 July 2005, the defence counsel for Théoneste Bagosora at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) claimed that they had requested that Gatsinzi, along with Senator Augustine Iyamuremye, come to testify at Bagosora's trial. Gatsinzi denied ever having received such a summons to the ICTR, and argued the matter was "lawyer’s tricks to delay the case". <ref name=rgw20050718></ref>
Emmanuel Habyarimana is a former Rwandan soldier and politician.
Habyarimana, an ethnic Hutu, was a former member of the Rwandan Armed Forces in the Hutu-dominated state of Juvénal Habyarimana. Following the successful conquest of Rwanda by the RPF, he joined the newly constituted Rwandan Defence Forces and held the rank of colonel.
In 1997 he was made Minister of State for Defence in the Rwandan government. In 2000, he became Rwanda's Minister of Defence, and was later sometime afterwards promoted to Brigadier-General. While serving in this position he played a significant part in Rwanda's actions in the Second Congo War. <ref name=bbc20010803a></ref> <ref name=eastafrican20000501a></ref>
In November 2002 he was removed from his post as Minister of Defence, which government spokesperson Joseph Bideri attributed to his "extreme pro-Hutu" views. <ref name=bbc20030401a></ref> He was replaced by Marcel Gatsinzi.
On March 30 2003 he defected to Uganda along with several other Rwandan army officers, including Lieutenant Ndayambaje and Lieutenant Colonel Balthazar Ndengeyinka. <ref name=bbc20030401a/>
This category contains military people of Rwandan nationality, including members of the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), and the Rwandan Defence Forces (RDF).
This category is for people of Hutu ethnicity.
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Individuals may be placed in the "acquitted" or "convicted" category at the conclusion of their ICTR trial.
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Léon Mugesera is a Rwandan man, resident in Quebec, Canada since 1992. He is currently facing deportation from Canada for an inflammatory anti-Tutsi speech which his critics allege was a precursor to the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
An ethnic Hutu, Mugesera has been a member of the dominant Hutu MRND party, which had close ties to the military. He was MRND Vice-Chairman for Gisenyi prefecture.
In a speech given on November 22 1992 in Rwanda, Mugesera allegedly told 1000 party members that "we the people are obliged to take responsibility ourselves and wipe out this scum" and that they should kill Tutsis and "dump their bodies into the rivers of Rwanda."
Following this speech, the Rwandan Minister of Justice, Stanislas Mbonampeka, issued an arrest warrant against him for inciting hatred. He fled with his family first to the Rwandan army and then to Quebec City in Quebec, Canada. Shortly afterwards, Mbonampeka resigned as Minister of Justice in protest.
Protais Zigiranyirazo (born 1938?) commonly known as Monsieur Zed ("Mr. Z"), is a Rwandan businessman and politician. He is the former governor of Ruhengeri prefecture in northwestern Rwanda. He has also been accused of collaborating in the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1985 murder of Dian Fossey.
Between 1974 and 1989 Zigiranyirazo served as governor of Ruhengeri. An ethnic Hutu, he was well-connected to the Hutu establishment of politicians, businessmen and military officers which then controlled Rwanda: he is the brother of Agathe Kanziga, wife of the late Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana, whose assassination on April 6, 1994 precipitated the events leading to the genocide.
In 1989 he resigned his position as prefect to study at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was expelled from UQAM and from Canada in 1993 after being convicted of uttering death threats against two Tutsi refugees in Montreal, who "accused him of participating in the planning of ethnic massacres." <ref name=globeandmail19940713a></ref>
thumb|right|General Augustin Bizimungu Augustin Bizimungu (born 28 August 1952) is a former general in the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR). In 1994, he briefly served as chief of staff of the army. During this time, he trained the soldiers and guerrillas who carried out the Rwandan Genocide. <ref name=ictr-pressrelease></ref>
Bizimungu was born in Byumba préfecture, Mukaranje Commune, Mugina Secteur, Nyange Cellule, Rwanda. <ref name=ictr-indictment></ref>
An ethnic Hutu, Bizimungu held the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the FAR as of April 6 1994. That day, following the death of army chief of staff Déogratias Nsabimana in a plane crash alongside President Juvénal Habyarimana, Bizimungu was promoted to Major-General and appointed as permanent chief of the army. <ref name=dallaire></ref>
Upon fleeing the country following the RPF victory, he allegedly said "the RPF will rule over a desert."
On 12 April, 2002, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) issued an arrest warrant for Bizimungu, who was apparently working with the Angolan rebel movement UNITA. In August 2002, he was arrested by the Angolan government and taken to the U.N. War Crimes Tribunal in Tanzania. <ref name=globeandmail20020815a></ref> The trial is ongoing. It was adjourned until September 2008, whereupon Bizimungu was tried along with fellow FAR officers Augustin Ndindiliyimana (Chief of Staff of the National Gendarmerie), François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye (Commander of the Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army) and Innocent Sagahutu (Second-in-Command of the Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army).The trial is ongoing.
Bizimungu is portrayed by Fana Mokoena in the 2004 movie Hotel Rwanda.
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Agathe Habyarimana (born Agathe Kanziga in 1942) is the widow of former President of Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana.
Kanziga was the daughter of a Hutu lineage that had ruled an independent principality until the late nineteenth century. <ref name=meredith></ref>
She was frequently regarded as one of the powers behind the throne during her husband's 20-year presidency, and her family connections to powerful Hutu politicians are often regarded as having provided necessary political capital for Habyarimana. She was the centre of a powerful clique of northern Hutus called le clan de Madame or akazu (Kinyarwanda for "little house").
On April 9 1994, immediately following Habyarimana's assassination and the beginning of the Rwandan Genocide, she was airlifted out of Rwanda by French troops. In this exodus she was accompanied by thirty other members of the akazu, including Ferdinand Nahimana, director of Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines. Upon arrival in Paris, she received a gift of ₣ 230 000 from the French government, from a budget allocated for "urgent assistance for Rwandan refugees". <ref name=meredith/>
The book We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families suggests that the Akazu clique, which included both Agathe Habyarimana and the Rwanda's de facto ruler Colonel Théoneste Bagosora, was responsible both for the assassination of her husband and the organization of the genocide. <ref name=gourevitch></ref>
Agathe Habyarimana is the sister of Protais Zigiranyirazo, who was implicated in the genocide. She presently remains in exile in France. She was denied political asylum in France on 4 January 2007. Nevertheless, she continues to live in a rich suburb of Colombes, Hauts de Seine 92700.
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Augustin Bizimana (born 1954) is a Rwandan politician. He is chiefly known for his alleged role in the Rwandan Genocide.
Born in Gituza commune, Byumba préfecture, Rwanda, of Hutu ethnicity, Bizimana held the position of Minister of Defence in the government of Juvénal Habyarimana formed on 18 July 1993.
After Habyarimana's death, Bizimana became the Minister of Defence in the interim government until mid-July 1994. Among his powers were control over the possession of weapons by the civilian population, and control over the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), the government's army.
Unlike other members of the former regime, Bizimana has not yet been detained, though a warrant against him has been issued by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
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Agathe Uwilingiyimana (23 May 1953 – 7 April 1994) was a Rwandan political figure. She served as Prime Minister of Rwanda from 18 July 1993 until her death on 7 April 1994. Her term was ended when she was assassinated during the opening stages of the Rwandan Genocide. She was Rwanda's first and so far only female prime minister.
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The book describes Gourevitch's travels in a Rwanda after the conflict, in which he interviews survivors and gathers information. Gourevitch retells survivors' stories, and reflects on the meaning of the genocide.
The title comes from an April 15, 1994, letter written to Pastor Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, president of the Seventh-day Adventist Church's operations in western Rwanda, by several Adventist pastors who had taken refuge with other Tutsis in an Adventist hospital in the locality of Mugonero in Kibuye prefecture. Gourevitch accused Ntakirutimana of aiding the killings that happened in the complex the next day. Ntakirutimana was eventually convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
This book won numerous awards, including the 1998 National Book Critics Circle award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the 1999 Guardian First Book Award and the George K. Polk Award for Foreign Reporting.
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Tharcisse Renzaho (born 1944) is a Rwandan soldier and former politician. He is best known for his alleged role in the Rwandan Genocide.
Renzaho was born in the Gaseta sector of the Kigarama commune, in the Rwandan prefecture of Kibungo. He was educated as a military engineer in various academies in Germany, France and Belgium. After returning to Rwandan he rose to the rank of colonel in the Rwandan Armed Forces.
In 1990, he entered politics. An ethnic Hutu, he was a part of Juvénal Habyarimana's dominant MRND party. He became governor of the prefecture of Kigali, and president of the Civil Defence Committee for Kigali.
According to the prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Renzaho is alleged to have contributed to the genocide in numerous ways between 7 April and July 1994, including exercising his authority to set up roadblocks for the interception and murder of Tutsis, dismissing councillors who objected to the genocide, personally ordering the detainment and murder of Tutsis, equipping genocidaires with Kalashnikov rifles, and ordering the murder of the journalist André Kameya.
Following the collapse of the interim government and the victory of the RPF, Renzaho fled to Zaire.
He was arrested on 26 September 2002 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and was turned over the ICTR on 29 September.
François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye is a former Rwandan soldier, who is chiefly known for his alleged role in the Rwandan Genocide.
Innocent Sagahutu (born 1962?) is a former Rwandan soldier, who is chiefly known for his alleged role in the Rwandan Genocide.
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#redirect Prosper Higiro
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Edouard Karemera (born 1951) is a former Rwandan politician. He is chiefly known for his alleged role in the Rwandan Genocide.
Born in Mabanza commune, Kibuya préfecture, Rwanda, of Hutu ethnicity, Karemana held the position of Minister of Institutional Relations in the government of Juvénal Habyarimana of May 1987.
After Habyarimana's assassination, he became Minister of the Interior in the interim government of Jean Kambanda until mid-July 1994. From July 1993 he was also Vice-Chairman of the MRND party.
Karemera fled Rwanda after its conquest by the RPF army. On 5 June 1998, he was arrested at his home in Lomé, Togo. His initial trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was suspended after the judge Andresia Vaz resigned. He new trial began on September 19 2005.
Sylvestre Nsanzimana (born 1936) served as Prime Minister of Rwanda from 12 October 1991 to 2 April 1992.
He also served as Rwanda's Foreign Minister from 1969 to 1971.
Dismas Nsengiyaremye (born 1945) served as Prime Minister of Rwanda from 2 April 1992 to 18 July 1993.
He was a member of the Democratic Republican Movement.
Augustin Ndindiliyimana (born 1943) is a former Rwandan general.
Dr. Casimir Bizimungu (born 1951) is a former Rwandan politician.
A former medical doctor, Bizimungu holds a Ph.D. and an M.D. from American universities.
He held several portfolios in the MRND government of Juvénal Habyarimana until July 1994. From 1989 to 1992 he was Foreign Minister, and from 9 April to 14 July 1994, during the Rwandan Genocide, he was Minister of Health in the interim government.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) issued an indictment against him and three other ministers, accusing them of conspiracy in genocide, genocide, direct and public incitement to genocide, and crimes against humanity. .
Bizimungu was arrested on 11 February 1999 at his home in Hurlingham , near Nairobi, Kenya. On 23 February 1999 he was transferred to the custody of the ICTR.
His trial by the ICTR in Arusha, Tanzania has been ongoing since 6 November 2003, and will resume on 20 March 2006. Bizimungu is being tried along with several other former government ministers: Jerome Bicamumpaka (foreign minister), Justin Mugenzi (minister of commerce), and Prosper Mugiraneza (minister of civil service).
Fred Gisa Rwigema (10 April 1957—2 October 1990), born Emmanuel Gisa (his name sometimes erroneously spelled as Fred Rwigyema (Kinyarwanda can not have a 'gy' combination, as they morph into 'jy', pronounced as 'gy')), was a founding member of and leader of the Rwandese Patriotic Front, an anti-Hutu Power guerrilla group that fought in the Rwandan Civil War.
Rwigema was born in Gitarama, in the south of Rwanda. Considered an ethnic Tutsi, he and his family fled to Uganda and settled in a refugee camp in Nshungerezi, Ankole in 1960 following the so-called Hutu Revolution of 1959 and the ouster of King Kigeri V.
After finishing high school in 1976, he went to Tanzania and joined the Front for National Salvation (FRONASA), a rebel group headed by Yoweri Museveni, the brother of his friend Salim Saleh. It was at this point that he began calling himself Fred Rwigema. Later that year, he travelled to Mozambique and joined the FRELIMO rebels who were fighting for the liberation of Mozambique from Portugal's colonial power
In 1979, he joined the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), which together with Tanzanian armed forces captured Kampala in April 1979 and sent Idi Amin to exile.
He later joined Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA), which fought a guerilla war against the government of Milton Obote.
After the NRA captured state power in 1986, Rwigyema became the deputy Minister of Defence. He was regularly at the front line in northern Uganda during the new government's offensives against remnants of the ousted regime.
On the third day of the RPF offensive into Rwanda, Rwigyema was murdered by two of his subcommanders. Rwigyema had called a staff conference with three close associates - Peter Bayingana, Chris Bunyenyezi and Stephen Ndugute - in which a fierce argument over strategy developed. Rwigyema wanted to advance slowly in order to politicize the Hutu peasantry and get them to join the RPF. Bayingana and Bunyenyezi wanted to seize power quickly, ignoring the Tutsi-Hutu identity split. Ndugute remained a silent bystander. The dispute grew heated and Bayingana drew his pistol and shot Rwigyema in the head. In the resultant chaos, Ndugute escaped and returned to Uganda to inform President Yoweri Museveni of the events. Museveni in turn sent his trusted brother and right-hand man Salim Saleh to Rwanda, where he found Rwigyema's body in a swamp, gave it a proper burial, arrested Bayingana and Bunyenyezi and brought them back to Uganda for interrogation and eventual execution.<ref name=Prunier13-14>Gérard Prunier, Africa's World War, Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-537420-9, p. 13-14</ref>
Jean-Baptiste Gatete (born 1953) is a Rwandan politician, accused of complicity in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide.
Gatete was born in the commune of Murambi in the prefecture of Byumba, Rwanda. He was educated as an agricultural engineer, and served as mayor (bourgmestre) of Murambi from 1987 to 1993. An ethnic Hutu, he was a prominent member of the dominant MRND party.
In 1993 he ceased his mayoral duties, but retained influence over the area. He is accused of planning and directly participating in genocide between 6 April and 30 April 1994, particularly in the parish of Kiziguro.
He resided in a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee (UNHCR) camp in Loukolela, northern Republic of Congo from 1997 to at least 1999, where he lived under the alias "Jean Nsengiyumva", and where he raised an apparently adopted boy.
Gatete was arrested on 11 September, 2002 in the Republic of Congo. Two days later, he was transferred to the headquarters of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania. Among the charges are genocide and crimes against humanity.
Jean-Paul Samputu (born 15 March 1962) is a singer, songwriter, and musician from Rwanda. Jean Paul Samputu has established himself as one of the most prominent African artists on the world stage. A winner of the prestigious Kora Award (the "African Grammy") in 2003, Samputu travels the world as a cultural ambassador for Rwanda, bringing to his audiences not only traditional African singing, dancing, and drumming, but alsoa message of peace and reconciliation. A survivor of the genocide in Rwanda, Samputu takes us to the most positive place of humanity through his spirit and graciousness. More than a talented and inspiring musician, Samputu is a model for anyone who wants to make a difference in this world today.
Born in Rwanda in 1962, Samputu began singing in 1977 in a church choir, and was influenced by traditional and contemporary music, including Stevie Wonder, Bob Marley, Jimmy Cliff, and Lionel Richie. After winning the Kora Award for Best African Traditional Artist in 2003, he arrived in the US in 2004 for Ten Years Remembering, an event commemorating the 10th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda. He continues his efforts to educate young people about genocide through panel discussions and forums at colleges and universities across the country. Samputu has been honored with the opportunity to share his message and his music at The National Civil Rights Museum for the 2005 Freedom Awards, where he performed in front of honorees Oprah Winfrey, and Ruby Dee, as well as the ceremony's host, Golden Globe Award winner Angela Bassett. He is one of only two African artists to perform for the World Culture Open at the Lincoln Center in New York, and has also performed for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees for World Refugees Day. Other performances include Duke University, as part of Duke's prestigious Performance Series, the Lake Eden Arts Festival (LEAF) in North Carolina, Pace University and Pace Law School, and many other universities, churches, schools, and communities.
His latest CD, Abana , showcases Samputu's versatility. His recordings are steeped in the many rich traditions of Rwandan music and dance, and include influences from Uganda, Burundi, and the Congo, as well as pygmy voices and traditions. It is this deep and fertile mix of songs, instruments, and dances that embodies Samputu's tremendously varied talents. Samputu sings in 6 languages (Kinyarwanda, Swahili, Lingala, Luganda, French and English), and in styles ranging from soukous, rhumba, vodou and reggae, to traditional Rwandan 5/8, Afrobeat, pygmy, and gospel. He combines unique musical traditions from all regions of Rwanda, among them, Intwatwa, Umushayayo, Imparamba, and Ikinimba. His dance technique and style demonstrates why UNESCO officially declared Rwandan national dance one of the world's Unique Cultural Heritages. With his dance troupe Ingeli, he captivates audiences of all ages. He has performed for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, at the National Museum of Civil Rights Freedom Awards, and at many colleges, universities, festivals, churches, and communities around the world. In the 1980s, Samputu was a member of popular Rwandan band Nyampinga, who produced three albums. In 1985 he produced his first solo LP, Tegeka Isi. Throughout the late 1980s he was a member of Orchestra INGELI. Samputu toured Europe in 1993, and released his Twararutashye LP. During the Rwandan genocide in 1994, he lost his parents and three siblings. In 1998 he moved to Canada.
In 2003 Samputu was awarded the Kora Award for Most Promising African Male Artist. In 2004 Samputu moved to the United States where he now resides in the state of Vermont.
In 2006, Samputu won the 1st place winner for World Music in the International Songwriting Competition with "Psalm 150".
In 2007, Samputu was recognized as an "Ambassador of Peace" by the Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace.
In Allentown, Pennsylvania in 2007, Jean-Paul Samputu provided a moving interview on PierreTerre.com called Healing Rwanda: Jean Paul Samputu and the Forgiveness of Murder (http://pierreterre.com/story.asp?ID=101).
Samputu performs songs in six languages; Kinyarwanda, Swahili, Lingala, Luganda, French, and English, and in various musical styles such as soukous, rumba, reggae, afrobeat and gospel.
Currently, Jean Paul Samputu is signed to Mi5 Recordings and distributed by EMI. He is working with Producer and former Modern English member Ted Mason as well as Sandra Bernhard's new Afropop/rock project. Collaborating on the project are Chrissie Hynde, Papa Wemba, Lagbaja, et al. Samputu will join Sandra Bernhard and guest artists for a tour in 2008.
Simon Bikindi (born 28 September 1954) is a Rwandan singer-songwriter who was formerly very popular in Rwanda. His patriotic songs were playlist staples on the national radio station Radio Rwanda during the war from October 1990 to July 1994 before the Rwandan Patriotic Front took power. He was tried and convicted for incitement to genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 2008.
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General James Kabarebe (also known as James Kabare and James Kabarehe) is a former Rwandan Patriotic Army Commander and Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo strategist, and is currently the Chief of General Staff of the Rwandan Defence Forces.
