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Sarati is an artificial script which was created by J. R. R. Tolkien. In his mythology, the Sarati alphabet was invented by Rúmil of Tirion in Valinor. When Fëanor created the later tengwar script, more ubiquitous both in Middle-earth and in real life, he modeled it after sarati. Unlike tengwar and Tolkien's other alphabet, used mainly by the dwarves, the cirth, sarati is written in several different directions, though the most prominent is from top to bottom. Others are left to right, right to left, and boustrophedon.
As in the later tengwar, each full character represents a consonant, while vowels are represented with diacritics (called tehtar in the terminology associated with the tengwar). In sarati, vowel signs are written to the left if the vowel comes before or to the right if after the consonants in vertical writing, above and below in the same principal in horizontal writing. According to Tolkien, consonants were considered more salient than vowels, and vowels were considered merely modifiers. When writing Quenya, the sign for "a" is usually omitted, as it is the most common vowel in Quenya. This makes Sarati an abugida with an inherent vowel of "a".
The Cirth ("Runes") are the letters of an artificial script which was invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works. The initial C in Cirth is pronounced as a K, never as an S.
The runic alphabet used by the Dwarves of Middle-earth was adapted by J.R.R. Tolkien from real-life runes. In The Hobbit, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc was used in the publication with few changes; in The Lord of the Rings a new system of runes, the Cirth, was devised.
Since the Cirth is an alphabet, one rune generally stands for one sound (phoneme) and sounds that would be written with a digraph in English (such as "sh" and "th") are written with one rune. Words are separated by a dot rather than a space, and double consonants are grouped together into one rune, the same as if it were a single consonant. Presumably this alphabet was meant to be used in conjunction with a Dwarf language, but mostly it is used for transliterations.
In the fictional history of Middle-earth, the original Certhas Daeron was created by the elf Daeron, the minstrel of king Thingol of Doriath and was later expanded into what was known as the Angerthas Daeron. Although the Cirth were later largely replaced by the Tengwar (which were enhanced and brought by Fëanor), they were adopted by Dwarves to write down their Khuzdûl language (Angerthas Moria and Angerthas Erebor) because their straight lines were better suited to carving than the curved strokes of the Tengwar. Some examples of Cirth writings are the inscription on Balin's tomb in Moria and the inscriptions on the top of the title pages for The Lord of the Rings. Cirth was also adapted, in its older and simpler form, by various kinds of Men and even Orcs. For example, it was used by the Men of Dale and the Rohirrim and the Orcs of Moria.
Cirth is plural and is written with a capital C when referring to the writing system—the runes themselves can be called cirth. A single rune is a certh.
Many letters have shapes also found in the historical Futhark runes (used in The Hobbit), but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke). A similar system has been proposed for a few historical runes (e.g. p ᛈ and w ᚹ as variants of b ᛒ), but is in any case much more obscure. There are a few coincidental identities between cirth and runic letters, i with runic ᛁ, k with Younger Futhark ᚴ and ch with Anglo-Saxon ᚳ; p is furthermore reminiscent of Latin P (runic ᚹ w).
Cirth is written according to a certain mode specifically adapted for a language, and the values of individual certh may vary greatly according to the mode used. Three modes for Cirth are described in detail in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings, and others are known to exist or have been developed by enthusiasts.
The Cirth are not yet part of the Unicode Standard. However the ConScript Unicode Registry has defined the to U+E0FF range of the Unicode "Private Use Area" for Cirth.
The Angerthas Daeron consists of 60 letters:
Where two values are given connected with a hyphen, the first is that of the older Angerthas, the second that of the dwarvish Angerthas Moria. Letters with asterisk are dwarvish only, values in brackets elvish only.
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Tengwar is a script that was invented by J.R.R. Tolkien. In his works, the tengwar script, invented by Fëanor, was used to write a number of the languages of Middle-earth, including Quenya and Sindarin. However, it can also be used to write other languages, such as English (most of Tolkien's tengwar samples are actually in English). The word tengwar is Quenya for "letters". The corresponding singular is tengwa, "letter".
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Quenya () is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when they first awoke they were the only creatures they knew who used words to speak), in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien. It was the language developed by those non-Telerin Elves who reached Valinor (the "High Elves") from an earlier language called Common Eldarin, which also evolved from the original Primitive Quendian. Of the Three Houses of the Elves, the Noldor and the Vanyar spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (Quenya [also Noldorin Quenya and later when they followed Fëanor in Arda Exilic Quenya] and Vanyarin Quenya [also Quendya], respectively). The language was also adopted by the Valar, who made some new introductions into it from their own original language, though these are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. Those of the Third House, the Teleri, who reached Aman and founded the city of Alqualondë spoke a different, closely related language, (Amanya) Telerin, although this was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya, which is untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages do not share a common history, but are very much alike, and later grew very close due to contact.
During the Third Age Quenya was no longer a living language in Middle-earth: most Elves spoke Sindarin, and Men mostly spoke Westron. Quenya was mainly used in official names and writings and as a ceremonial language, much as the Latin language was in medieval Europe. For this reason it was sometimes called "an Elven-Latin" by Tolkien.<ref name=LOTR1101>Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings Appendix F p. 1101.</ref>
In Tolkien's fictional world, Quenya is usually written in Tengwar, although it was earlier written in Sarati. The language can also be written in other alphabets: modes for Cirth exist. In the real world Tengwar is not uncommon, but it is usually written in the Latin alphabet.
Klingonaase is a non-canon fictional language appearing in works by John M. Ford related to the science fiction series Star Trek, in which it is depicted as the language of the Klingon race. The suffix -aase means "tool", so klingonaase is the tool (i.e. language) of the Klingons.
The Klingon language (tlhIngan Hol in Klingon) is the constructed language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe. Deliberately designed by Marc Okrand to be "alien", it contains many peculiarities, such as Object Verb Subject (OVS) word order. The language's basic sound, along with a few words, was first devised by actor James Doohan ("Scotty") for Star Trek: The Motion Picture. That film marked the first time the language had been heard on screen; in all previous appearances, Klingons spoke in English. Klingon was subsequently developed by Okrand into a full-fledged language.
Klingon is sometimes referred to as "Klingonese" (most notably in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", where it was actually pronounced by a Klingon character as ), but among the Klingon-speaking community this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language that is described in John M. Ford's Star Trek novels as Klingonaase.
A small number of people, mostly dedicated Star Trek fans or language aficionados, can converse in Klingon. Its vocabulary, heavily centered on Star Trek-Klingon concepts such as "spacecraft" or "warfare", can sometimes make it cumbersome for everyday use for instance, while there are words for "transporter ionizer unit" (jolvoy') or "bridge (of a ship)" (meH), there is currently no word for "bridge" in the sense of a crossing over water. Nonetheless, mundane conversations are common among skilled speakers.
Neo-Eldarin is a term that may be employed to describe the language of texts attempting to actually use the "Elven" tongues invented by British author and philologist J.R.R. Tolkien for his Middle-earth legendarium. (The word Eldarin means "High-Elvish" in Quenya, one of the languages of Middle-earth.) While Tolkien sketched an Elvish language family with many branches, such efforts primarily focus on the two main Elven-tongues of the legendarium, namely Quenya (High-elven, the language of the Elves of Valinor) and Sindarin (Grey-elven, the daily speech of the Elves in Middle-earth).
This category is for people noted for studying the invented languages of J. R. R. Tolkien and for journals, magazines and organisations on the subject of Tolkien's invented languages.
The Klingon language refers to the language(s) supposedly spoken by the alien Klingon warrior-race in the fictional Star Trek universe.
Klingon language can also refer to:
* The Klingon Dictionary, the official dictionary for the canonical Klingon language * Klingon writing systems, the various sets of written or printed characters seen used by Klingons on the Star Trek TV episodes and movies
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The Klingon Dictionary is a book by Marc Okrand describing the Klingon language tlhIngan Hol. First published in 1985 and then again with an addendum in 1992. It is 191 pages long, paperback, and includes pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. ISBN 0-671-74559-X.
In the Star Trek movies and television shows, the Klingons use their own alien writing system to write the Klingon language. In Mark Okrand's The Klingon Dictionary this alphabet is named as pIqaD, but no information is given about it. When Klingon symbols are used in Star Trek productions they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real writing and create an appropriate atmosphere.
The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols (currently used to "write" Klingon) for Star Trek: The Motion Picture, although these symbols are often incorrectly attributed to Michael Okuda.Symbols attributed to Okuda: the Klingon Language Institute's Klingon FAQ (edited by d'Armond Speers), question 2.13 by Will Martin (August 18 1994). Symbols incorrectly attributed to Okuda: KLI founder Lawrence M. Schoen's "On Orthography" (PDF), citing J. Lee's "An Interview with Michael Okuda" in the KLI's journal HolQed 1.1 (March 1992), p. 11. Symbols actually designed by Astra Image Corporation: Michael Everson's Proposal....<sup>[2]</sup>. They based the letters on the Klingon battlecruiser hull markings (three letters) first created by Matt Jeffries, and on Tibetan writing because the script had sharp letter forms — used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades.
The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth is a reference book on the languages of Middle-earth by Ruth S. Noel. ISBN 978-0-395-29130-6 hardcover, ISBN 0-395-29130-5 paperback. The first edition, entitled The Languages of Middle-earth, was published in 1974 by Mirage Press, Baltimore. The revised version was published in 1980 by Houghton Mifflin. Ruth S. Noel, also known as Atanielle Annyn Noel, is the author of The Mythology of Middle-earth.
Pages 16 through 34 contain surveys of the languages of the Hobbits and of the Rohirrim. They are both similar to Old English or Anglo-Saxon. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, creator of Middle-earth, was a professor of this language, and a great expert on it. A few words are also Middle English or local dialect place-names. Both lists are in alphabetical order.
The next section, "Quotations Translated" (pp 35-41), is a list (in chronological rather than alphabetical order) of all phrases and sentences in Sindarin, Quenya and Black Speech as found in The Silmarillion, The Lord of the Rings, and Humphrey Carpenter's biography of Tolkien. Translations are either from Tolkien himself — given in quotation marks - or hypothesized by Noel. There are a few omissions and mistranslations:
<div style="float:left;border:solid #99b3ff 1px;margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#e0e8ff;"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99b3ff;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;">qya</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;text-align:center;">These users know some or some more Quenya</div>
Volapük (, or in EnglishOED) is a constructed language, created in 1879–1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest in Baden, Germany. Schleyer felt that God had told him in a dream to create an international language. Volapük conventions took place in 1884 (Friedrichshafen), 1887 (Munich) and 1889 (Paris). The first two conventions used German, and the last conference used only Volapük. In 1889, there were an estimated 283 clubs, 25 periodicals in or about Volapük, and 316 textbooks in 25 languages.<ref name="sprague">Handbook of Volapük, Charles E. Sprague (1888)</ref> Today there are an estimated 20–30 Volapük speakers in the world.<ref name="speakers"/> Volapük was largely displaced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by simpler and more easily-learned languages, such as Esperanto and Latino Sine Flexione.
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<div style="float:left;border:solid #99b3ff 1px;margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#e0e8ff;"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99b3ff;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;">sjn</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;text-align:center;">These users know some or some more Sindarin</div>
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Tyalië Tyelelliéva is a journal on Tolkienian linguistics edited by Lisa Star since 1994. It publishes poems and other texts in the Elvish languages as well as articles about the languages and alphabets of Middle-earth. The website for the Elvish Linguistics page is *Elvish Linguistics
It appeared three to four times per year at first, but after Nov. 1995, issues appeared more irregularly, roughly twice per year, before the current hiatus in publication began in Dec. 2001. While a new issue has been listed as "being worked on" since that time, it is unknown whether or when it will appear.
The journal's ISSN is 1539-7238.
This is a list of Wikipedia users who understand Novial. To be added to this category, add to your user page inoboxes.
<div style="float:left;border:solid #99b3ff 1px;margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#e0e8ff;"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99b3ff;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;">tlh</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;text-align:center;">tlhIngan Hol lujatlh lo'wI'pu'vam.<hr />These users speak Klingon</div>
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*Colonel Phillip Green, a fictional villain in the Star Trek universe. *Edward Howland Robinson Green, also called Colonel Green, American heir, stamp and coin collector *Colonel George Gill Green, an American doctor and Civil War commander.
The Black Speech is the fictional language of Mordor in The Lord of the Rings. Sauron created the Black Speech, as an artificial language, to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor, replacing the many different varieties of Orkish and other languages used by his servants. Tolkien describes the language as existing in two forms, the ancient "pure" forms used by Sauron himself, the Nazgûl, and the Olog-hai, and the more "debased" form used by the soldiery of the Barad-dûr at the end of the Third Age.
The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship (E. L. F.) is an international organization devoted to the scholarly study of the invented languages of J. R. R. Tolkien, headed by Carl F. Hostetter. It was founded by Jorge Quiñónez in 1988 as a Special Interest Group of the Mythopoeic Society. The E. L. F. publishes two print journals, Vinyar Tengwar, edited by Hostetter, and Parma Eldalamberon, edited by Christopher Gilson; an online journal, Tengwestië, edited by Hostetter and Patrick H. Wynne; and it also sponsors the Lambengolmor mailing list.
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Novial users:
Basic Novial users:
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<div style="float:left;border:solid #CCCC00 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#FFFF99"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFFF00;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">vo-4</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Ats pösods pükons Volapüki as pükäb de ona lifabegin.<hr />These people speak Volapük like a native</div>
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Star Trek: The Role Playing Game is a role-playing game set in the fictional Star Trek universe published and edited by FASA Corporation from 1982 to 1989.
<div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">eo-4</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Ĉi tiuj uzuloj povas komuniki per preskaŭ denaskula nivelo de Esperanto.<hr />These users are able to contribute with a near-native level of Esperanto</div>
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<div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">eo-N</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Ĉi tiuj uzuloj estas denaskaj parolantoj de Esperanto.<hr />These users are native speakers of Esperanto</div>
<div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">eo-3</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Ĉi tiuj uzuloj povas komuniki per alta nivelo de Esperanto.<hr />These users are able to contribute with an advanced level of Esperanto</div>
<div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">eo-2</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Ĉi tiuj uzantoj povas komuniki per meza nivelo de Esperanto.<hr />These users are able to contribute with an intermediate level of Esperanto</div>
<div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">eo-1</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Ĉi tiuj uzuloj povas komuniki per baza nivelo de Esperanto.<hr />These users are able to contribute with a basic level of Esperanto</div>
Quettar (Quenya for "words") was the Edinburgh-based bulletin of the Linguistic Fellowship of The Tolkien Society. It is one of the oldest journal dedicated to the languages of J. R. R. Tolkien, but it is now in a state of "suspended hibernation". Editor is Julian C. Bradfield, who is also the moderator of the Tolklang mailing list.
Elfcon (also ELFcon) is short for "Elvish Linguistic Fellowship Convention", a convention first proposed by Jorge Quiñónez, and then organized and originally hosted by Bill Welden, dedicated to the study of the languages created by J. R. R. Tolkien.
"Elfconners" is a loose term to refer to any attendee of an Elfcon, but the term is by some narrowed in use to refer to a specific group of people involved with unpublished linguistic writings by Tolkien.
Zompist.com, also called The Metaverse, is a website created by Mark Rosenfelder, a conlanger. It features essays on comics, politics, language, and science, as well as a detailed description of Rosenfelder's conworld, Almea. The website is also the home of the Language Construction Kit, Rosenfelder's article introducing new conlangers to the hobby.
Many features of the site have been noted by the press, including its culture testsCooper, Gael Fashingbauer; Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), June 2, 2001, "An international view of culture offers surprises", humorous excerpts from phrase booksInformationsdeinst, "Kurz notiert", April 22, 2004, its collection of numbers in over 5000 languagesLexington Herald-Leader (KY), February 4, 2002, Page A2 and the "Language Construction Kit"Fairfield County Business Journal; 12/27/99, Vol. 38 Issue 52, p7, "Surf's Up"ComputerSweden, January 20, 2006Deutsche Welle, September 20, 2004, "Schmeichlerische Sprachmelodien".
In the fictional world of Middle-earth by J. R. R. Tolkien, Rohirric (also Rohirian and Rohanese, see below) is the language of the Rohirrim of Rohan.
In the novels it is always represented by Old English because Tolkien saw the relationship between Rohirric and the Common Speech to be the same as that of Old English and Modern English, which was used to represent Westron. Only a few actual Rohirric words are given by Tolkien: kûd-dûkan, an old word meaning "hole-dweller" which led to kuduk, the name the Hobbits had for themselves. Even these terms were translated in the book: "hobbit" is said to derive from the Old English word holbytla, or hole-builder.
The only other Rohirric given is the element "lô–"/"loh–" corresponding to Anglo-Saxon "éo", horse, and the derived names Lôgrad for Horse-Mark, and Lohtûr for Éothéod, horse-people, or horse-land. Coincidentally, the Rohirric word for horse is an exact homonym of the Hungarian word for horse, ló. http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3
All names beginning with Éo– are actually names beginning with Lô– or Loh–, but the real forms of Éomer, Éowyn etc. are not given. Only one proper name is given, that of Théoden: the actual form was Tûrac, which shows that Rohirric had adopted the Sindarin element "tur–" also present in names like Turgon, with meaning power/mastery (i.e. King).
The languages of the Men of Rhovanion, Esgaroth and Dale (often called Dalish or Dale-ish) were related to Rohirric.