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Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico, located towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean. Chiapas has an area of . The 2005 census population was 4,293,459 people.
In general Chiapas has a humid, tropical climate. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can average more than per year. In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy, allowing the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of Resplendent Quetzals and Horned Guans.
The state capital city is Tuxtla Gutiérrez; other cities and towns in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Chiapas is home to the ancient Mayan ruins of Palenque, Yaxchilán, Bonampak, Chinkultic, and Toniná.
As of the mid 1990s, most people in Chiapas were poor, rural small farmers.<ref name = "pcalqn">Collier, George A pg 16</ref> About one quarter of the population were of full or predominant Maya descent, and in rural areas many did not speak Spanish. The state suffers from the highest rate of malnutrition in Mexico, estimated to affect more than 40% of the population. "Without roads, cities or even small towns, eastern Chiapas is a kind of dumping ground for the marginalized, in which all of the hardships peasants confront in the highlands are exacerbated."<ref name = "igczqj">Collier, George A pg 11</ref>
The increasing presence of Central American gangs known as Maras, and illegal immigration from Central America in general (mostly immigrants on their way to the United States), stresses an already poor state. These immigrants are subject to human rights violations from Mexican authorities.
In 1994, violence erupted between the Mexican Government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). There are currently 32 Rebel Autonomous Zapatista Municipalities (MAREZ), affiliated with the EZLN in Chiapas.
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Chiapas port is the first port in Mexico from central America. It was recently created in order to serve regional economic development. During the present year it is expecting to receive about 10 cruisers from around the world. The main goal is to attract investment into the region.
As of 2007, the Mexican government is investing more than US$7 million in the development of the Port of Chiapas.
Tuxtla Gutiérrez is a municipality and the capital city of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is the seat of the local public administration, the local authorities, and of the federal government delegations in the state. It covers more than 40% of the municipal territory, and continues to grow.
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Sumidero Canyon () is a canyon located about 40 km from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, capital of the Mexican state of Chiapas. Its cliffs are 900 meters above sea level and overlook the Grijalva River, which extends across the states of Chiapas and Tabasco and flows into the Gulf of Mexico. In its southern entrance, the canyon begins near the city of Chiapa de Corzo, and flows into the reservoir of the hydroelectric dam–Manuel Moreno Torres, best known as Chicoasén.
This canyon is a result of a geological fault during the Pleistocene. The canyon is regarded as an important tourist attraction in the state of Chiapas. The importance and cultural symbolism of Sumidero Canyon for Chiapans are so great that its silhouette is the base of the Coat of Arms of the state of Chiapas.
The Sumidero Canyon is home to a great variety of wildlife including crocodiles.
Chiapa de Corzo Website More information here.
Soconusco is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas, located in the extreme south of the state and separated from Guatemala by the Suchiate River. It is a region of rich lowlands and foothills. The economic center is Tapachula. Soconusco consists of 16 municipalities.
The name comes from the Nahuatl word xoconostle, meaning the fruit of the prickly pear cactus. It was, under the Mexica culture, the furthest region of trade, providing jaguar pelts, cacao, and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas, with many plantations further inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur.
<noinclude>250px|right|Chiapas The Mexican state of Chiapas is divided into 118 municipalities (municipios):
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Paso de la Amada is an archaeological site in the Mexican state of Chiapas on the Gulf of Tehuantepec, in the Soconusco region of Mesoamerica. This site was occupied during the Early Formative era, from about 1800 BCE to 1000 BCE, and covered approximately 50 hectares of land.
Paso de la Amada is particularly notable for being the site of the oldest Mesoamerican ballcourt,See report summaries in Hill, et al. (1998); Schuster (1998) for being "the best evidence" for Olmec contacts in the Soconusco region,Diehl (2004, p.129). and for presenting early evidence of social stratification.
Cities, towns and villages in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
:See also: Municipalities of Chiapas.
San Cristóbal de las Casas is a municipality (municipio) and city in the central highlands of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is located in the Highlands of Chiapas at , at an elevation of approximately 2100 m (6890 ft) above mean sea level. The city was named after Bartolomé de Las Casas, a Spanish priest who defended the rights of the Native Americans and was the first bishop of Chiapas. In the 2005 census the city’s population was 142,364 people, whereas the municipality’s total was 166,460. It is the third-largest community in Chiapas, after Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Tapachula. The municipality’s area is 484.00 km² (186.87 sq mi).
San Cristóbal de las Casas was named a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2003.
Las Margaritas is a city, and the surrounding municipality of the same name, in the Mexican state of Chiapas. The municipal seat is located some 25 km to the northeast of Comitán de Domínguez, while the municipality extends to the east as far as the border with Guatemala. Part of the Lagunas de Montebello National Park is in the municipality's territory.
thumb|right|Eastern part of the Mexican state of Chiapas, where the Lacandon region is located. The green area is the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, located within the Lacandon JungleThe Lacandon Jungle (Spanish: Selva Lacandona) is a jungle in the state of Chiapas, Mexico.<br /> It is home to the Lacandon Maya, as well as many other indigenous Maya peoples (Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Ch'ol, Tojolabal) and non-indigenous people; mostly subsistence peasants.
The region is located in the eastern part of the state of Chiapas, between 16°05' – 17°45' N and 90°25' – 91°45' W, between the Usumacinta River and the Perlas and Lacantún rivers.
In the heart of the Lacandon Jungle lies the protected Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, which falls under federal (not Chiapas) authority, and coincides roughly with the Area designated to the Lacandon Community.
Chinkultic is a moderate-size archeological ruin in what is now the state of Chiapas, Mexico, some 56km from the small modern city of Comitán. The Pre-Columbian city was built by the Maya civilization. The city flourished in the Maya Classic Era, from about the 3rd through the 9th century. Most of the sculpture was produced in the last 300 years of this era, with heiroglphic inscriptions dating from 591 to 897. Post-Classic-Era occupation of the site continued until the 13th century, after which it was abandoned.
The site has some step-pyramids and some 200 smaller buildings, most in undisturbed ruin. Chinkultic has carved stone stelae depicting the site's rulers.
The site contains a court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, which a marker tells us was dedicated on 21 May, 591.
The first published account of the site was made by Edward Seler in the late 19th century. A detailed description of the site was made by Enrique Juan Palacios in 1926.
The first archeological investigations of the site were conducted in 1966 under the direction of Stephan F. de Borhegyi of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Starting in 1970, some further excavations and restorations of a few buildings was conducted by Mexican government archeologists, who also dredged some artifacts from the site's cenote or natural well known as Agua Azul ("Blue Water"). The cenote gives the site its Maya language name; Chinkultic meaning "stepped-cenote".
The site is open for tourism visits, although it is not one of the more commonly visited Maya sites. It is within Mexico's Parque Nacional Lagunas de Montbello.
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Chicomuselo is a municipio (municipality) in the Mexican state of Chiapas, and also the name of the municipality's largest settlement and the seat of the municipal government. The municipality has an area of some 1,043 km², and had a census population (INEGI 2000 figures) recorded of 24,994 inhabitants.Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (2005), entry on "Chicomuselo, Estado de Chiapas".
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In 1941, at the suggestion of the historian Fernando Castañón Gamboa, the city council of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, presided over by Fidel Martínez, adopted as its municipal coat of arms the local pre-Columbian heraldric figures used in times of Mexica control: The figure of a rabbit standing upright upon a jawbone with three teeth. A similar figure appears in the paintings of the Matriculation of the Aztecan tribute and in the Mendocino Codex.
This coat of arms was first published in 1941 in the Municipal Gazette of Tuxtla Gutiérrez and in the book Tuchtlan: Documents and unpublished information for the particular history of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, written by Castañón Gamboa.
From 1941 to 1996, the design of the coat of arms of Tuxtla Gutiérrez was modified six times without being actually adopted by the official approval of the city council. At first, the figure of the rabbit appeared inside a shield according to the classic form of royal Spanish blazons; the form was later modified. The coat of arms of Tuxtla was used more as a logo of the city government than as an emblem of the city or area itself.
In a regular town hall session on the 20th of June, 1996, the city council announced a competition in which the people of Tuxtla would compete in redesigning the coat of arms. Painters, writers and historians judged the 57 participant sketches and chose the winner: a sketch done by a young boy named Luis Ernesto Moran Villatoro. The coat of arms was adopted officially on the 23 of December of that same year.
