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'Mahamahopadhyaya' Dattatray Vaman Potdar (August 5, 1890 – October 6, 1979), popularly known as Datto Vaman Potdar, was an eminent historian, writer and orator. He also worked as Vice Chancellor of University of Pune during 1961 to 1964. He was recipient of the ‘Padmabhushan’ award in 1967. For the versatility of his knowledge & diligence and spontaneous witty conversations he is called ‘Dr. Johnson of Maharashtra’. He was the disciple of ‘Itihasacharya’ Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade and also one of the trustee members of Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal’, Pune. His students and disciples include Swami Swaroopanand, Setu Madhavrao Pagadi, R.C. Dhere and many others.
Dattopant Potdar was among a generation of distinguished historians, some other prominent names being his guru V K Rajwade (who asked a ruler to 'keep one woman less' if he could not afford the grant which Rajwade was seeking), T S Shejwalkar, Ga Ha Khare (guru of Babasaheb Purandare), Na Ra Phatak, A K Priyolkar and Dattopant's student Setu Madhavrao Pagdi.
This page is a list of Marathi people. The Marathi people are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group that inhabit the Maharashtra region and state of western India.
Prabhakar Panshikar (Devnagari: प्रभाकर पणशीकर) (born 14 March 1931) is one of the greatest and genius stage actors in Maharashtra. His role of 'Lakhoba Lokhande' in the drama 'To Mi Navhech' is considered to be one of the immemorable roles presented so far on the Marathi stage. He is also the owner of Natyasampada, the well-known Marathi Drama Producing Organization.
The Shikshana Prasarak Mandali, Pune, is one of the most prestigious private educational societies in Maharashtra. It was established around 1904 to promote education and make it easily accessible to all economic classes in Maharashtra.
Vishnushastri Chiplunkar, Lokmanya Tilak, Gopalkrishna Gokhale, N. C. Kelkar and M. M. Datto Vaman Potdar were closely associated with its rapid growth and development.
It now runs about thirty educational institutions in Maharashtra. Ramnarain Ruia College is one of them.
The local managing committee has among its members the Chairman of the Managing Council of the SPM, the SPM's secretary, the Ruia college principal as its convener, three members nominated by the Managing Council, three teacher representatives and one representative of the non-teaching staff of the college.
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The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments, of 1399, 1660 and 1689.
The definition of the term convention parliament is generally taken to be: <blockquote> A parliament which does not derive its authority or legitimacy from an existing or previously enacted parliamentary action or process. </blockquote>
Sarpotdar is a historical family name which is not very common in India. It is derived from the Persian word "pota" which means "treasure". The treasurer in Mughal times was called "Potdar" and the chief treasurer would be "Sarpotdar". Later on the nature of this job changed to somewhat like Inspector General of Currencies.
:Alternative meaning: Constitutional convention (political custom) A constitutional convention is a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. A general constitutional convention is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution. An unlimited constitutional convention is called to revise an existing constitution to the extent that it deems to be proper, whereas a limited constitutional convention is restricted to revising only the areas of the current constitution named in the convention's call, the legal mandate establishing the convention. In the case of the Philadelphia Convention, delegates met for the "sole purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation." George Washington was elected president of this convention. Once the body convened, meeting and deliberations were conducted in secrecy with James Madison serving as recorder. It was rapidly decided that the body would ignore the limitations of its call and propose the replacement of the Articles with an entirely new basic instrument of government.
Examples of constitutional conventions include the:
United States: Annapolis Convention (1786), which proposed what became the Philadelphia Convention (1787) - Drafted the United States Constitution for ratification by the states. Article V of the constitution sets forth a mechanism whereby future constitutional conventions can be held. The constitution has been amended several times since the Philadelphia Convention, but never (as of 2009) by this method. *Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861-63), established Missouri's provisional government during the American Civil War *Canada: (1864), Quebec Conference, 1864, and London Conference of 1866 (1866). *Australian constitutional conventions - 1891, 1897, 1973 and 1998. *Germany: Parlamentarischer Rat (Parliamentary Council) (1948) - Drafted the Basic Law of the Federal Republic for ratification by the Länder. *Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention (1975-1976) - a failed attempt to find a solution to the status of Northern Ireland. *Scottish Constitutional Convention (1989) - produced a plan for Scottish devolution. *European Convention (2001) - Drafted the Constitution for Europe for approval by the European Council and ratification by the member states. *Philippine Constitutional Convention **1935 - to draft a constitution to create the autonomous Commonwealth of the Philippines under the U.S. Tydings-McDuffie Act. The constitution was also used in the 3rd Republic (1946) until the passage of the 1973 constitution. Members were elected through the Philippine Constitutional Convention election, 1934 **1971 - to draft a revised constitution to replace the old U.S. customed 1935 Philippine constititution. Members were elected through the Philippine Constitutional Convention election, 1970. The system of government changed from Presidentitial to Parliamentary to Presidentital-Parliamentary (in 1984 amendment). The constitution lasted until the downfall of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 and Corazon Aquino appointed members to draft the 1987 Constitution through a Constitutional Commission.
Constitutional conventions have also been used by constituent states of federations — such as the individual states of the United States — to create, replace, or revise their own constitutions. Though the several states have never held a national constitutional convention for the purpose of proposing amendments, the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified not by the state legislatures, but by state level conventions after it was passed by Congress, as described as an alternate method of ratification in Article V of the US Constitution.
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Battle of Pävankhind was a rear guard battle that took place on July 13, 1660 at a mountain pass in the vicinity of fort Vishalgad, near the city of Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India between the Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu and Siddi Masud of Adilshah. The Marathas held the Adilshahi forces till Shivaji reached the fort Vishalgad. The Adilshahi forces were 15,000 strong against 600 Maratha light infantry.
The battle is known for gallant defense of the mountain pass by Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande.
Many entities have been called a Constitutional Commission with the general purpose of reviewing a constitution, or planning to create one.
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Constituent Cortes (Cortes constituyentes) is the description of the Cortes (Spanish parliament) when convened as a constituent assembly.
In the 20th century only one Constituent Cortes was officially opened ("Cortes" are "opened" in accordance with a mediaeval royal proclamation), and that was the Republican Cortes in 1931.
The Cortes in 1977 passed the new Spanish constitution; however, that was never officially considered "constituent", as the 1977 general elections were not mandated to consider a new constitution, but to rule under the constitution of the former dictatorship - the so called "Leyes Fundamentales" (fundamental laws).
A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably those Commonwealth of Nations states which follow the Westminster system and whose political systems are derived from British constitutional law, most of the functions of government are guided by constitutional convention rather than by a formal written constitution. In these states, the actual distribution of power may be markedly different from those which are described in the formal constitutional documents. In particular, the formal constitution often confers wide discretionary powers to the head of state which in practice are used only on the advice of the head of government.
Some constitutional conventions operate separate from or alongside written constitutions. Others, notably in Britain, which has much of its constitution unwritten, have a form of constitutional status. Many old conventions have been replaced or superseded by laws.
A constituent assembly (sometimes also known as a constitutional convention) is a body composed for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution. As described by Columbia University Social Sciences Professor John Elster: <blockquote> “Constitutions arise in a number of different ways. At the non-democratic extreme of the spectrum, we may imagine a sovereign lawgiver laying down the constitution for all later generations. At the democratic extreme, we may imagine a constituent assembly elected by universal suffrage for the sole task of writing a new constitution. And there are all sorts of intermediate arrangements.” Axel Hadenius, ed., <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521573115">Democracy’s Victory and Crisis</a>, Ch 7: Ways of constitution-making by John Elster (p. 123); Cambridge University Press, 1997. 431 pp [ISBN-13: 9780521573115] </blockquote> Elster notes that the unlike other forms of constitution-making, in which a constitution is “unilaterally imposed or octroyed by a sovereign lawmaker” the constituent assembly gives life to a constitution through actions “internally imposed” in that each member of the constituent assembly “is himself a citizen – but not necessarily the ruler – of the country for which he is” creating a constitution. Id. at 125
The Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 is an Act of the Parliament of England (16 Cha. II c. 11), the long title of which is "An Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion".'Charles II, 1660: An Act of Free and Generall Pardon Indemnity and Oblivion.', Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628-80 (1819), pp. 226-34. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47259. Date accessed: 27 February 2007.
The Indemnity and Oblivion Act fulfilled the guarantee given in the Declaration of Breda that reprisals against the establishment which had developed during the English Interregnum would be restricted to those who had officiated in the regicide of King Charles I.
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The passage of the Indemnity and Oblivion Act through the Convention Parliament was secured by Lord Clarendon, the first minister of King Charles II, and it became law on August 29, 1660 during the first year of the English Restoration.
The lands of the Crown and the established Church were automatically restored, but lands of Royalists and other dissenters confiscated and sold during the Civil War and interregnum were left for private negotiation or litigation.
The act is often viewed from the perspective of those who were not pardoned and thus condemned to death. However the debate in Parliament continued almost every day for over two months and names were added and taken off the list of those who were not to be pardoned. Initially there were only seven on the list to be exempted from the act House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 5 June 1660, Proceedings against Regicides That the Seven Persons who, by former Order, are to be excepted out of the Act of general Pardon for Life and Estate, be named here in this House. Resolved, That Thomas Harrison be one of the Seven Persons.House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 5 June 1660. These were Thomas Harrison, William Say, John Jones Maesygarnedd, Thomas Scot, John Lisle, Cornelius Holland and John Barkstead. On June 7, the Commons, mindful of the Declaration of Breda, stated they as the Commons could add to the list others who would not be covered by the general pardon. They immediately added John Cooke, Andrew Broughton, Edward Dendy and the “Two Persons who were upon the Scaffold in a Disguise”.House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 7 June 1660 On June 8, the Commons voted that “That the Number of Twenty, and no more, (other than those that are already excepted, or sat as Judges upon the late King’s Majesty) shall be excepted out of the Act of general Pardon and Oblivion, for and in respect only of such Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, (not extending to Life) as shall be thought fit to be inflicted on them by another Act, intended to be hereafter passed for that purpose”.House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 8 June 1660 House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 8 June 1660 The twenty who punishment did not extend to life were added to the list.
One of the people to benefit directly from the Act was John Milton who was released from prison.Milton Agonistes By Tony Tanner for the New York Times April 6, 1997.
The General Council of the Judicial Power is the constitutional body which governs all the Judiciary of Spain, such as courts, and judges, as it is established by the Spanish Constitution of 1978, article 122 and developed by the Organic Law 6/1985 of the Judiciary Power (LOPJ). The President of the GCJP is also the president of the Supreme Court
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Revolutionary breach of legal continuity is a concept in English constitutional law, which rationalises the historic English behaviour when one King (or regime) was deposed and a de facto ruler was recognised as the new de jure monarch (or republican authority). More generally it is any process, unauthorised by an existing legal order, which results in the creation of a new legal order; whether or not the revolutionary change is brought about by violence.
The most recent successful revolutionary breach in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, was the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 which replaced King James II of England and Ireland (King James VII of Scotland) with the joint sovereignty of his son-in-law King William III of England (King William II of Scotland) and daughter Queen Mary II of England (and Scotland).
The United States Declaration of Independence is another example, as it had no basis in the previous legal order which had governed the thirteen colonies and represented the start of a new legal order.
There was an attempted revolutionary breach in the whole of Ireland in 1919, when the First Dáil, a gathering of persons elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons in 1918, declared an Irish Republic (without any authority to do so within the terms of the United Kingdom legal order). The subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty and steps taken under it gave the Irish Free State legitimacy within the United Kingdom legal order but de-legitimised it for those who regarded the applicable legal order to be that proclaimed in 1919.
When the present constitution of Ireland was adopted the amending formula of the Irish Free State constitution was not used, so the new constitution would represent a revolutionary breach and derive its legitimacy from purely Irish sources.
Similar steps were taken so the Indian people became the source of legitimacy for the republican constitution of India. The republican constitution replaced the one authorised by the United Kingdom at the time of independence, but did not comply with its provisions for amendments.
Revolutionary breach of legal continuity has also been applied to regime change following a military coup in Commonwealth of Nations members such as Pakistan and Nigeria.
:There are also two contemporary treaties known as the Treaty of Breda. The Declaration of Breda (issued on April 4, 1660) was a proclamation wherein Charles II of England made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England which he was to accept, or resume, later in the same year. The declaration cemented the terms of the English Restoration after the Commonwealth period. It was written in response to a secret message sent by General George Monck, who was then the effective ruler of England.
The European Convention, sometimes known as the Convention on the Future of Europe, was a body established by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. Its purpose was to produce a draft constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt. The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. See History of the European Constitution for developments after this point.
The Constitutional Court of Spain () is the highest judicial body with the power to determine the constitutionality of acts and statutes of the Spanish Government. It is defined in Part IX (i.e. sections 159 through 165) of the Constitution of Spain, and further governed by Organic Laws 2/1979 (aka Law of the Constitutional Court of October 3 1979),<ref name="inst"></ref> 8/1984, 4/1985, 6/1988, 7/1999 and 1/2000.<ref name="guide"></ref> The court is the "supreme interpreter"<ref name="guide"/> of the Constitution, but since the court is not a part of the rest of the Spanish Judiciary,<ref name="guide"/> for almost all other judicial matters, the Supreme Court is the highest court.§ 123, clause 1, Spanish Constitution of 1978
The blue-uniformed Guardia de Asalto (Assault Guard) were the urban police force of Spain, during the Spanish Second Republic. They were similar to the green uniformed Guardia Civil which patrolled the countryside, but, while Guardia Civil units tended to support the Nationalists, most of the Assault Guards stayed loyal to the Second Republic. Tending to support opposing sides, the two groups often fought each other in the Spanish Civil War.
right|thumb|275px|Ertzaintza Headquarters at [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]
Ertzaintza is the police force of the Basque Country, one of the autonomous communities of Spain. An Ertzaintza member is an ertzaina.
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The Guardia Civil is the Spanish gendarmerie: it is a police force that has both military and civilian functions. It has foreign peace-keeping missions and maintains military status and is the equivalent of a federal paramilitary police. As a police force, the Guardia Civil is comparable today to the French Gendarmerie, the Italian Carabinieri and the Dutch Royal Marechaussee as it is part of the European Gendarmerie. The Guardia Civil uses as its leading emblem the motto "El honor es mi divisa" (Honour is my emblem) stressing its esprit de corps and pointing out the importance of honour. Their precincts are called "casa cuartel" (army house) and, like other military garrisons in Spain, they appear under the motto "Todo por la patria" (All in the service of the Mother/Fatherland).
The Supreme Court of Spain is the highest judicial body in Spain for all matters not pertaining to the Constitution.
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The National Constituent Assembly () was formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789, during the first stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved on 30 September 1791 and was succeeded by the Legislative Assembly.
In politics and government, lapsed power is a term often used to describe a certain constitutionally-granted power of government that is no longer used, according to constitutional convention. This may be because the power's original conditions of use no longer exist, making it an anachronism, or simply because the nation's political culture and attitudes have shifted, making the power appear too morally or ethically objectionable to use. It is important to note that the power still exists.
Examples of lapsed powers include the reserve powers of a monarch under a constitutional monarchy. Constitutional monarchs have significant powers over matters such as the appointment of the prime minister or the veto of legislation, in practice these powers are rarely actually used independently.
Another example of a lapsed power could be the ability of the Roman Catholic Pope to resign his office. Though authorized by the Canon Laws of the Vatican hiearchy, no Pope has actually done so for centuries. Thus, the power can be considered defacto lapsed.
The Francisco de Vitoria Association ( "Asociación Francisco de Vitoria", AFV) is one of the five Spanish, professional associations of judges and magistrates. Since judges and magistrates in Spain are barred from joining class trade unions, professional associations, are intended to protect the rights and interests of judges and magistrates. AFV is the second association by membership and ideologically moderate.
Judges for Democracy (, JpD) is one of the five Spanish, professional associations of judges and magistrates. Since judges and magistrates in Spain are barred from joining class trade unions professional associations, are intended to protect the rights and interests of judges and magistrates. JpD is considered to be the third association by size and ideologically progressive.
The Professional Association of Magistrates () is one of the five Spanish, professional associations of judges and magistrates. Since judges and magistrates in Spain are barred from joining trade unions, professional associations such as APM have adopted the traditional union role of protecting their employment rights and conditions. APM is the biggest professional association of judges and magistrates in Spain and is considered to be ideologically conservative.{{es}} Juez de la APM propuesto para cubrir la plaza de Conde Pumido Lexur.
#redirect History of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
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Rangnath Narayan Orpe, historically mentioned as ‘Rango Narayan’, was a warrior and administrative officer on Fort Vishalgad in the regimes of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire and his son Sambhaji in the 17th century in India. He is mainly known for defeating the Bijapur army in the battle of Vishalgad in July, 1660.
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Solidaridad Obrera (Spanish, meaning "Workers' Solidarity"; originally, in Catalan, Solidaritat Obrera) was a labor federation in Spain. It was initially formed in August 3 1907, as a "pure syndicalist" federation, incorporating the structures of the Unió Local de Societats Obreres de Barcelona ("Local Union of Workers' Societies of Barcelona") with the purpose of reorganizing the Catalonian trade unions. These unions were quite weak at the time, due to the failure of a 1902 general strike which had sought the eight-hour day and the recognition of the right to strike.
There were two constituent meetings of what was initially the Federació Local de Societats Obreres de Barcelona ("Local Federation of Workers' Societies of Barcelona", June 1907), which agreed to publish a common manifesto to constitute an organizing committee, which included Antoni Fabra, Josep Prat, and Tomás Herreros.
The federation established a rule that they would only enroll organizations composed exclusively of workers. They quickly acquired an enormous force among the working class, affiliating many Catalonian workers' societies in the congress of September 6-8, 1908, and reconstituting themselves as Catalan Regional Workers' Solidarity. That same year the newspaper Solidaritat Obrera published a manifesto rejecting the proposed Anti-Terrorism Law of the government led by Antonio Maura. Though the federation initially spurned partisanship, and alignment with either the Marxist or anarchist brand of socialism, the congress held on June 13, 1909, brought approval of the general strike, and effective takeover by the anarcho-syndicalists in the federation.
After a major general strike in Barcelona, which ended in the executions of several anarchists, the government repressed elements of the anarchist movement, these events being referred to as the "Tragic Week" (Spanish: la Semana Trágica; Catalan: la Setmana Tràgica). The following repression of workers' movements brought Solidaridad Obrera's activities to a virtual standstill.
The reestablished confederation held its second congress in Barcelona in 31 October–1 November 1910, in which it discussed widening its ambit to all of Spain, a sensitive decision because the rival UGT already had a sound foundation in the rest of Spain, although not in Catalonia, where it constituted a minority. By a wide margin, they voted to constitute themselves as a workers confederation throughout Spain: the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, "National Workers' Confederation").
Battle of the Basya (Basia) River took place between 24 September and 10 October 1660, between the forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, allied with the Cossaks and Tatars, near Basya river in the modern Mahilyow Voblast. Russian army of about 15,000 under Yury Dolgorukov met the Polish force of about 24,000 under Stefan Czarniecki. The first skirmishes were between the cavalleries of both sides with Russians being victorious.
A full-scale battle took place on 28 September on a big field near the village Gubarev. Supported by the artillery, the Russian infantery launched a successful attack on the center of the Polish forces which were seriously decimated. On the flanks, however, the Polish cavalry began to prevail over the Russian one and forced it to retreat in disorder, allowing the main body of the Russian army to be surrounded. However, the Russians continued to fight and didn't abandon the field until the end of Polish attacks and their withdrawal. Both sides suffered heavy losses.
The hostilities resumed on 10 October after Russians received reinforcement by 900 men of voyevoda Maxim Rtishchev. The army of Dolgorukov managed to throw a forthcoming force of M. Pac back to its camp but couldn't use this success further. Both armies found themselves in a stalemate and the slow approach of the winter in a ravaged environment was seen as a threat on the both sides. The hostilities on the Basya river ended when the Poles heard the news of Ivan Khovansky campaign and decided to leave. Dolgorukov had no order of the Tsar to pursuit the Poles and stayed, awaiting reinforcement from his brother.
Strategically, the 1660 campaign showed that the Commonwealth was not able to decide the war on its own even after signing peace with Sweden.
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Law enforcement in the Canary Islands consists of two security forces, the Local Police and the Civil Guard or "Policia Local" & "Guardia Civil". While the former is characterised by blue markings on both uniforms and vehicles, the latter's vehicles and clothing is green, and due to the high level of tourism to the islands, both police forces possess control centres for a number of different languages.
Law enforcement in Spain is carried out by numerous organisations, not all of which operate in the same areas.
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The Audiencia Nacional de España ("National Court of Spain"), is a high court in Spain. It has its seat in Madrid, with jurisdiction over all of Spain, unlike most of the courts which have a territorial bailiwick.
The Audiencia is composed of its President, the Presidents of the Chambers, and the magistrates that the law specifies for each one of its courts and divisions.
The Audiencia includes the following courts: * Penal Chamber, which is occupied with crimes such as terrorism, organized crime, genocide, etc. * Appeals Chamber, which addresses differences between the law and the decisions of the Penal Chamber * Litigation-Administrative Chamber * Social Chamber
It is reserved for cases that have national or international importance and certain grave crimes like terrorism. Its decisions can be overturned by the Supreme Court of Spain.
Baltasar Garzón is a well known prosecuting judge in the penal court.
The Cuerpo Nacional de Policía, () is the national civilian police force of Spain. The CNP is mainly resonsible for policing urban areas, whilst countryside policing is generally the responsibility of the Guardia Civil, the Spanish gendarmerie. The CNP is under the authority of Spain's Ministry of the Interior. They mostly handle criminal, judicial, terrorism and immigration matters. However, the CNP has limited competency in the Basque Country and Catalonia, where the autonomous Ertzaintza and Mossos d'Esquadra handle most matters.
The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed to write Pakistan's constitution, and serve as its first parliament. It first convened on 11 August 1947, before the end of British rule on August 14 1947. It had mostly completed the process of writing the constitution when it was dissolved on October 24 1954. After fresh elections were held, it was reconstituted on May 28 1955 lasting until March 23 1956 when the new constitution came into place and Pakistan became a Republic.
The Unidad Especial de Intervención (Special Intervention Unit, UEI) is the emergency response unit of the Spanish Guardia Civil (Gendarmery). Its motto is Celeritas et Subtilitas Patrio.
The unit was created on 13 February 1982. It comprises approximately fifty people, admitted after a rigorous selection procedure at the Special Training Centre (established on 6 August 1980), where candidates also receive intensive training in special tactics. The UEI's equipment is among the most modern and sophisticated in the Spanish security services, and includes: Ruger 44 rifles, Uzi and Heckler & Koch submachine guns, and Winchester sniper rifles with telescopic sights. On operations UEI personnel wear black uniforms; otherwise, for security reasons, they wear nothing that identifies them as unit members.
The scope of UEI operations and total number of personnel are unknown. But it is known that the unit has participated in operations against terrorism. One of its first operations was an assault on a prison following the kidnapping of 6 prison workers by 5 inmates.
:See Gudari for disambiguation. It was also the pseudonym of the Basque nationalist Eli Gallastegi.
Euzko Gudarostea (modern spelling: Eusko Gudarostea, "Basque army") was the name of the army commanded by the government of the Basque Autonomous Community during the Spanish civil war. It was formed by Basque nationalists, Socialists and Communists under the direction of lendakari José Antonio Aguirre and coordinating with the army of the Second Spanish Republic. It fought the troops of Francisco Franco during 1936 and 1937. It surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie at Santoña (province of Cantabria), while the rest of the Republican army kept fighting until 1939. This event is referred as the Treason of Santoña by some Spanish leftists.
