Index page
../../
[Root community]
../
[Community:
Years in anthropology; The New Jedi Order; Works by author]
Community members, in decreasing PageRank scores:
[Abstract not available for the category]
What today is commonly referred as the Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán. Actually, Argentina was not a country yet; the congressmen joined in Tucuman declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America (still today one of the legal names of the Argentine Republic). The three Litoral provinces (Santa Fé, Entre Ríos and Corrientes were expelled from the congress, along with Banda Oriental, present-day Uruguay. At the same time, several provinces from the Alto Perú were represented that would later become part of present-day Bolivia.
The May Revolution of 1810 followed the deposition of the Spanish king Fernando VII by Napoleon. The revolution terminated the authority of the Viceroyalty of the River Plate and replaced it with the Primera Junta.
When the king returned in 1814, Spain was determined to recover control over its colonies in the Americas. The royals were victorious at the battles of Sipe-Sipe, Huaqui, Vilcapugio and Ayohuma, in what had been the Viceroyalty of Peru. From there they planned to attack the bases of José de San Martín, and to make their way to Buenos Aires.
On April 15 1815, a revolution ended the mandate of Carlos María de Alvear and demanded that a General Congress be summoned. Delegate deputies, each representing 15,000 inhabitants, were sent from all the provinces to the sessions, which started on March 24 1816. However, several territories that had until then belonged to the Viceroyalty of the River Plate did not send delegates: the Banda Oriental ("Eastern Bank", today Uruguay), which was faithful to José Gervasio Artigas; Paraguay, which had already proclaimed its independence; and the Gran Chaco, still fighting the aboriginal resistance.
The congress was inaugurated in the city of Tucumán, with 33 deputies. The presidency of the congress would be rotated monthly. Because the congress had the freedom to choose topics to debate, endless discussions ensued.
The voting finally ended on July 9 with a declaration of independence. The president of the Congress at the time was Francisco Narciso de Laprida, delegate from San Juan Province. Subsequent discussions centered on what form of government the emerging state should adopt.
The congress continued its work in Buenos Aires in 1817, but it dissolved in 1820 after the Battle of Cepeda, which deepened the differences between the Unitarian Party and the Federales Argentina.
The house where the declaration was adopted has been rebuilt and is now a museum and monument: the House of Tucumán.
The United Provinces of South America (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de Sud América) was the original name of a state that would become the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata which would then become Argentina. Formed in 1810 from provinces of the former Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and had Buenos Aires as its capital. The name was used in the 1819 Argentine constitution1819 Constitution . This was the official name of the country until the 1826 Argentine constitution, when the name República Argentina was first time used.
The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine forces under Manuel Belgrano and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. On July 9, 1816, an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucumán, declared full independence with provisions for a national constitution.
The Primera Junta or First Assembly is the name given by history to the first government that appeared in Argentina after the May Revolution. The junta operated out of El Fuerte (), which had been used since 1776 as a residence by the viceroys. The Casa Rosada since has been erected on this location. Once the junta, which initially only had representatives from Buenos Aires, was expanded with the addition of deputies from the other cities of Río de la Plata it became popularly known as the Junta Grande.
[Abstract not available for the category]
The Congress of Tucumán was the representative assembly of the United Provinces of the River Plate formed in 1816, initially meeting in Tucumán. The Congress declared the independence of Argentina on July 9 1816.
Following the May Revolution of 1810, the Viceroyalty of the River Plate had been replaced by the Primera Junta. The provinces had been moving towards full independence but royalist forces had had success in battle in what was the Viceroyalty of Peru and were threatening José de San Martín and Buenos Aires. On April 15 1815, a revolution ended the mandate of Carlos María de Alvear and called a General Congress. Delegate deputies, each representing 15,000 inhabitants, were sent from all the provinces to the sessions that started on March 24 1816. Nevertheless, several territories that until then belonged to the Viceroyalty of the River Plate did not send any delegates: the Banda Oriental ('Eastern Bank', today Uruguay) that was faithful to Artigas; Paraguay, which had already proclaimed its independence; and the provinces of the Gran Chaco and Mesopotamia, still fighting the aboriginal resistance. Representatives of what is now Bolivia were however present.
The congress was inaugurated in the city of Tucumán, with 33 deputies, and as had been decided, the presidency of the congress was rotated monthly. Because the congress had freedom to choose the topics to discuss, there were endless discussions. Voting finally ended on July 9, with the declaration of independence of the country. At the time the president of the Congress was Francisco Narciso de Laprida, delegate from San Juan Province. Subsequent discussions centred on the form of government that the young state should have.
The congress continued its work in Buenos Aires in 1817, but it dissolved in 1820 after the Battle of Cepeda that deepened the differences between Unitarians and Federals.
The house where the declaration was made was rebuilt and is now a museum and monument, the House of Tucumán.
By means of the signing of the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence on July 5, 1811, Venezuelans of the time took the decision, supported by several politicians, of breaking away from the Spanish Crown and to build a new nation to split the premises of equality between individuals, abolition of censorship and dedication to the freedom of expression as a constitutional principal, premises that are radically opposed to the political, cultural, and social practices that had ruled during three hundred years before. The Declaration is notable for being the first example of a Spanish-American colony to declare its independence.
It was an action of meaningful courage for all Venezuelans, legitimate heirs of the more enduring and inalienable legacy of the 5th of July, to hand over to the inhabitants of this territory, to the whole society, the sovereignty on their public subjects.
Seven of the Spanish Provinces belonging to the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence and explained their reasons for this action. The declaration proclaimed a new nation called the American Confederacy of Venezuela and was mainly written by Juan Germán Roscio. It was ratified by Congress on July 7, 1811 and written on the Book of Acts on August 17, 1811, in Caracas.
The anniversary of this declaration is celebrated as Independence Day. The original Book of Acts of the first Congress of Venezuela is in the Federal Legislative Palace in Caracas.
[Abstract not available for the category]
[Abstract not available for the category]
[Abstract not available for the category]
[Abstract not available for the category]
[Abstract not available for the category]
[Abstract not available for the category]
[Abstract not available for the category]
[Abstract not available for the category]
The year 1811 in archaeology involved some significant events.
Third Alto Perú campaign (1815): The Northern Army, unofficially commanded by José Rondeau , started another campaign, but this time without the authorization of Supreme Director Álvarez Thomas. With the lack of official support, the army faced anarchy and later would lose the aid of the Provincial Army of Salta, commanded by Martín Miguel de Güemes. After being defeated in the battles of Venta y Media (October 21) and Sipe-Sipe (November 28), the northern territories were lost. They were reannexed by the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, and later became present-day Bolivia. This unsuccessful outcome to the campaign would spread rumors in Europe that the May Revolution was over.
Second Alto Perú campaign (1812-1813): Manuel Belgrano led the Northern Army to victory in the Battles of Tucuman and Salta in the north of present-day Argentina. These cities have remained under the Argentine government ever since. Again, they were stopped in Upper Perú in the battles of Vilcapugio and Ayohuma (today's Bolivia). In order to prevent the Spanish from getting supplies or taking prisoners in the city of San Salvador de Jujuy, Belgrano ordered the evacuation of the people and the burning of anything else left behind. This is known as the Jujuy Exodus.
Paraguay campaign (1810-1811): A militia, commanded by Manuel Belgrano, made its way up to the Intendency of Paraguay. The first battle was fought in Campichuelo and the Argentines claimed victory. However, they were completely outnumbered in the subsequent battles of Paraguarí and Tacuarí. This campaign ended in failure.
Alto Perú campaign (1810-1811): The improvised militia was commanded by Antonio González de Balcarce and tried to penetrate the intendencies of the Upper Peru. The militia first engaged in combat with the Spanish army in the Battle of Suipacha and it was a victory for the Argentines. But the campaign would end unsuccessfully due to the second battle: the Battle of Huaqui. There, the militia was outnumbered and suffered a terrible loss.
[Abstract not available for the category]